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Welcome to the CarePartners Wound Care Team! In the pages of this booklet we will tell you about how we can help you to help your wound. This booklet is full of information to help you to understand what is going on with your body when you have a wound and what your body needs to heal the wound or, if it can’t heal, to feel better.
Sometimes we have to use medical terms, so words in italics and underlined will be defined in the glossary at the end of the booklet. Some information will have web links. This means that there is more information either on the internet or on the CarePartners website. You can either click on the link or go to www.carepartners.ca and click on the Health Information tab.
A wound is any break in your skin. Sometimes wounds are called ulcers. The two words mean the same thing. There are many causes of wounds. Sometimes they are hard to heal. Your nurse or doctor will help you to know the type and cause of your wound and why it is having trouble healing.
Treatment may include helping you to improve your nutrition, increasing your mobility and activity, removing sources of pressure or friction, addressing specific conditions such as diabetes, improving your blood flow and helping you to reduce the risk of you getting an infection or treating the infection if one is present.
To help your wound heal you may need to change some of your activities and habits.
If you smoke, you will need to consider quitting or if you have diabetes you will need to really follow your diet and monitor your blood sugars. More about that later.
Wound care includes all the activities of managing your wound including what you and your nurse will do to help your wound heal. The nurse will assess you and your wound to determine if your body is ready to heal and will apply dressings to support your wound. Your nurse may need to take pictures of your wound. They will ask you to consent to this.
Wound care also includes teaching you to be as independent as possible with your wound care.
At each visit your nurse will assess your wound to see how it is doing. Different kinds of wounds need different kinds of treatments and dressings. These may change over time. Your nurse may need to contact your doctor or other health professionals to discuss your wound or to get you a special referral if needed.
Sometimes your body is ready for healing and your wound needs minimal support. This is called a healable wound.
Sometimes your body needs specific things to heal your wound like special medication or devices. This is called a maintenance wound and in this case your nurse will discuss with you what needs to change or what you need to do to help your wound to heal.
Sometimes your body is unable to heal your wound. This is called a non- healable wound. In this case your nurse will help you to learn how to manage the symptoms you are experiencing to ensure that you are more comfortable and to reduce the risk of infection.
Your doctor or nurse has determined that your wound is a ‘Skin Tear’.
A skin tear is an injury to the skin caused by trauma, friction and/or shear.
People have an increased risk for skin tears: when they:
The most common causes of skin tears are:
Anyone can get a skin tear, but skin tears are most common in people who are elderly, critically ill, newborns and premature infants. The most common location of skin tears is on the extremities because this is often where caregivers hold people when they reposition or assist them, pulling their skin by accident and tearing it.
Some skin tears are quite shallow and still have a flap of skin. Your nurse or doctor can reposition the skin flap over the opening. These usually heal quite quickly.
Some skin tears are deeper and there is no flap of skin to be able to cover the wounded area. This kind of skin tear takes longer to heal.
Complete this with your nurse.
Tetanus Shot:
❍ If I have not had a Tetanus Shot in the past 10 years, I will get one.
Prevention and Good Skin Care:
❍ I will use soaps that moisturize my skin (known as emollients) or use a no-rinse cleanser to avoid drying my skin.
❍ I will gently pat my skin dry after a shower or bath. I will not rub my skin.
❍ I will use a mild non-scented moisturizer. I will apply it to my damp skin after a shower or bath and I will apply it 1-2 times daily to my intact skin on days I don’t bathe.
❍ I will drink 6-8 glasses of fluids per day to keep my skin hydrated (unless the doctor tells me to restrict my fluid intake).
❍ I will apply sunscreen 15 minutes before sun exposure & reapply if I go swimming or sweat a lot.
❍ I will keep my fingernails and toenails short and filed.
❍ When laying on my side, I will use a pillow between my knees and ankles to avoid bruising.
❍ I will remind my caregivers to avoid squeezing or grabbing my arms or legs when they are helping me change position.
❍ To reduce the risk of skin tears, I will remind my caregivers to use the palms of their hands instead of their fingertips when assisting me.
Clothing:
❍ If I will be in the sun for an extended period, I will wear a long sleeved shirt, long pants and a hat.
❍ I will wear well-fitting shoes with skid-free soles to reduce the risk of falls.
❍ If others help me transfer, I will protect the skin on my arms with long sleeves and the skin on my legs with long pants or leggings.
Skin Inspection:
❍ Each day I will check my skin for skin tears, bruising and areas of dryness.
❍ If I find a new skin tear or I see signs of infection (redness, warmth, swelling, increased pain) in an existing skin tear I will contact my nurse.
Ensuring a Safe Environment:
❍ I will make sure I have safe, wide pathways in my home. I will move or remove any furniture that I bump into.
❍ I will remove any loose scatter mats or will replace them with non-slip mats.
❍ I will pad any sharp corners on coffee tables or shelves with a folded soft cloth or foam.
❍ If I use a wheelchair or recliner, I will check it for sharp edges and I will pad any sharp edges I find.
❍ I will put a night light in my hallway and bathroom to reduce the chance that I bump into things at night.
Sometimes a list of tasks can seem easy to do and because of that we can easily over commit. Look through the list and really think about the tasks you committed to. Ask yourself these questions;
If your confidence score is less than 7, you might want to consider removing a ✓ mark or two. If your score is 7 or higher – give it a try!
After 2 weeks of trying to do these things reassess the list using the same process and if you feel confident enough, add a new task or two. Choose the tasks that are most important to you and you are most confident that you can complete. Remember - you do not need to accomplish this all on the first day – this is a journey!
Keeping a wound covered helps to prevent infection and promotes healing. You should always have a dressing on your wound.
Wounds should not be left open to the air to “breathe”. We don’t breathe through our skin! Oxygen is carried in our blood and gets to the wound by the blood. Normally we don’t allow wounds to dry out and form a scab because when this happens, the wound takes longer to heal, is much more painful, there is more scarring, and there is a greater risk for infection.
If your wound is healable the nurse will use a dressing that can stay on for several days, in some cases, for a week or more. This may sound surprising, and if you have come from the hospital where dressings were changed every day it might worry you. Don’t worry! Now that you are home or receiving care at the clinic the kinds of dressings that will be used may be different than in the hospital. Think of them as a blister that is allowing your wound to heal underneath while at the same time protecting it from germs and trauma.
You may be surprised to see how moist the wound is under the dressing. We want it to be moist, like the inside of your eye. This kind of moisture allows the new skin to grow and your wound to heal more quickly. Sometimes your wound will have dead tissue like a wet or dry scab in it. This dead tissue is a barrier to healing and must be removed. Your nurse will use dressings to get rid of the dead tissue. This is called autolytic debridement. During this process you will notice some things that may concern you. Don’t worry, these are all normal and part of the process but if at any time you are worried talk to your nurse. You may notice:
Once the dead tissue is removed from your wound it should look moist, pink and slightly bumpy. This means it is ready to grow the new tissue it needs to heal.
If your nurse has determined that your wound cannot heal then they will not encourage autolytic debridement and the dressings will be different. They may use dressings that can be changed more often and that do allow the wound to dry out. Your nurse may paint antiseptic on the wound to help reduce the risk for infection. In both cases your nurse may teach you how to change your dressings. They will show you exactly what to do, order your supplies and check in with you on a regular basis to see how you are doing. Refer to the section called “How to Change my Dressing”.
Sometimes wounds hurt. Pain can interfere with your daily activities, reduce your
appetite and make it hard to sleep. It can even slow the healing process. Most pain
can be treated effectively with medication or other therapy.
If you have pain from your wound talk to your nurse so that they can suggest
medications or other therapy to reduce your pain. They may need to contact your
doctor for a prescription.
You will be asked to rate the intensity of your pain with 1 being the least painful or no pain and 10 being the worst pain you have ever experienced. Your pain rating will
change, and pain should decrease with the right dressing and as your wound heals.
If your doctor prescribes medication for your pain, please take it as prescribed. Sometimes people stop taking their medications because they feel better, but the reason they were feeling better is they were taking their pain medication! Follow the instructions; don’t take the medication more often than prescribed.
If you aren’t taking pain medications on a regular schedule, have pain medication available that you can take when you need it. If your dressing changes are painful, take your pain medicine about an hour before you are going to have your dressing changed so that it has a chance to get working. As your wound healing progresses you may be able to reduce your pain medications. Talk to your nurse about this
It is very important to prevent your wound from developing an infection.
There are many ways to reduce the risk of infection. Your nurse will teach you how:
Your nurse has been trained to recognize the signs of infection. Some kinds of wound infection are called Superficial Infections.
This means that the germs are only on the surface of the wound. They won’t make you sick, but they can slow wound healing. You may see an increase in drainage, odour, pain or some redness around the wound, but you won’t have chills or fever because of it.
Superficial infection is managed with specialized antimicrobial dressings. Your nurse may decide to use one of these if they think your wound needs it. Your nurse will not take a swab when they determine that you have a superficial infection as swabs do not tell us if the wound is infected. We don’t use antibiotics for superficial infections.
Another, more serious kind of infection, is called Deep Tissue Infection. In this case the germs have spread to your body and are making you sick.
You may see redness and swelling spreading beyond the wound. The pain may increase, and you might have a temperature or have chills. This kind of infection needs a prescription for antibiotics. Your nurse will take a swab if they think that you have a Deep Tissue Infection so that your doctor will know what antibiotics will be effective. If you are given antibiotics be sure to take them as prescribed and finish them.
If you think you have Deep Tissue Infection you should see your doctor right away or go to the nearest Hospital Emergency
Wound healing requires good nutrition. Your body needs extra protein and vitamins and minerals to heal.
Discuss these with your nurse. Identify the foods you will try to eat more often:
Wounds must have oxygen to heal. We get oxygen when we breathe air in. If we have heart or lung disease the oxygen we breathe in cannot get to the wound. Smoking tobacco in any form can prevent your wound from getting the oxygen it needs. This is especially true if your wound is on your leg or foot or you have diabetes or heart disease.
It is estimated that one cigarette decreases the amount of oxygen in your blood for 1 hour. If you smoke a cigarette every waking hour, then all day you have reduced oxygen just from smoking.
We know that asking you to stop smoking is a really big deal. If you think you can or if you want help, check out the following resource: Government of Ontario Support to Quit Smoking
If you can’t quit, then consider trying to reduce the number of tobacco products you use in a day or maybe limit the time of day you smoke to after supper. Any tricks you can use to lower the amount you smoke will make a difference.
E-cigarettes and vaping (including marijuana) also have an impact on wound healing because they contain many of the same chemicals that are in cigarettes. Consider trying to reduce your use of e-cigarettes or vaping whenever possible.
Second hand smoke (the smoke from someone else smoking) can contain as many harmful ingredients as smoking and will affect your healing. If someone in your house smokes, ask them to try to go outside away from open windows. If they smoke in the garage, use a fan to blow smoke toward the outside.
Second hand smoke is unhealthy for the nurses caring for your wound too. Never smoke when your nurse is in your home.
Trauma can be anything that causes harm or injury to the area of the wound. Try to avoid:
Wounds can be easily damaged. Take care of your wound by protecting it from trauma.
You may be asked to pick up or to purchase a few items for the nurse to use when doing your wound care and to keep these items clean. Our nurse will provide you with sterile instruments. This may include forceps, scissors and a probe. Be sure that you or your nurse only use these instruments for your dressings.
Your nurse will show you how to change your dressing and tell you how long to keep the dressing on between dressing changes. They will recommend specific products.
You will need a clean spot to do your care with good lighting. Remove kids and pets from the area.
❍ Alcohol based hand rub for your hands
❍ Gauze pads
❍ Adhesive remover
❍ Sterile normal saline
❍ Tape – use only non-traumatic paper or silicone tapes
❍ Plastic sealable trash bag
❍ Clean towel to absorb spills
❍ Forceps and scissors if needed
❍ Dressings – generally, except for silicone dressings, avoid dressings that are ‘sticky’
Each time after a wound care is completed, follow these directions to clean the instruments:
Call your nurse if any of the following occur:
There will come a time when you and your nurse agree that it is time to discharge you from nursing services because your wound is closed or because you now have all the skill you need to look after it yourself.
There is still a lot going on under the surface. It can take up to 2 years for your wounded area to get back its strength. Even then it won’t be as strong as it was before your injury because the new tissue is scar tissue and doesn’t have all the characteristics of uninjured skin.
Always protect the area from pressure, trauma and other forms of injury.
If you have stopped or reduced smoking keep doing it!!!
Antimicrobial dressings: are used to reduce the number of micro-organisms in the wound which reduces the risk of infection.
Autolytic debridement: uses the body's own enzymes and moisture to re-hydrate, soften and finally liquefy hard eschar (scab) and slough (wet dead tissue) in the wound. Only dead tissue is liquefied. It is virtually painless for the patient.
Conservative sharps debridement: conservative sharp wound debridement (CSWD) is the removal of loose avascular tissue without pain or bleeding.
Deep tissue infection: infection in a wound that has reached the deeper layers of the body. A deep infection means that the whole body is infected, not just the wound and oral or IV antibiotics are needed for healing.
Germs: microorganism, especially one that causes disease.
Hand hygiene: cleaning hands to remove soil, dirt, and germs. If water and soap are not available, hands can be cleaned with alcohol based hand rub.
Healable wound: a wound that is ready to heal and all the patient factors make it able to heal; these factors include circulation, diet, devices etc.
Maintenance wound: a wound where healing has stalled due to factors that need to be corrected such as blood sugars in the person with diabetes or the purchase of specific equipment or perhaps remedial surgery.
Non-healable wound: a wound that cannot heal due to factors that cannot be corrected such as poor circulation.
Superficial infection: A wound infection that is localized to just the wound. The body is not infected and the patient does not need systemic antibiotics to heal.
Swab: a test that the nurse can perform by touching a special cotton tip applicator to a cleaned wound and then sending the applicator to a laboratory to see what microorganisms grow. The results from a swab tell the doctor what kinds microorganisms are growing on the wound and what antibiotics might work to treat infection
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